Products Apply to SuperVisions Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Products Apply to SuperVisions - Case Study Example The representative description of quality by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the American Society Quality Control (ASQC) in 1978 is, â€Å"the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy given needs† (Peris-Ortiz et al 86). Supervisions is a regional retail eye care center, located in the northeast, which has been experiencing some quality management issues as discussed in this paper below.   There are two main approaches in the definition of quality, fitness for use and conformance to specifications. Fitness for use relies on the fact that customer needs must be the driving force behind quality products, while conformance to specifications argues that from the perspective of manufacturing or service delivery, specifications are targets and tolerances determined by designers of products and services. Targets being the ideal values for which production is expected to strive; and tolerances are acceptable deviations from these ideal values, recognizing that it is impossible to meet the targets all the time (Mawby 54).   Conformance to specification is the key quality dimensions that apply to SuperVision’s products. For SuperVision’s, conformance includes traits like, such as right lens and frame. The feature is a second most important quality dimension observed. The feature means availability of particular features than the total number of options available to customers. This encompasses reversibility such as change of lens and frames at minimal cost rather than purchasing a new pair. This is apparent in week one because it was noted that lenses were reversed. Furthermore, with wrong lenses attached, this is a quality dimension because they can be reversed in future (McCollum 116).   Reliability is the key service quality dimension observed.

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay As a small child I remember trying to make a pyramid of cards and failing repeatedly. What I had always been missing those days was the need to focus on creating a strong base rather than abruptly rushing on to reach the top. With my undergraduate study at an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), the best technological institutes in India with inarguably the toughest selection ratio (~2%) in the world I am sure that the strong base required to build the pyramid is laid and the next level to reach my goals would be to do my graduate studies at University of California, Santa Barbara. Born in an era of technological revolutions, witnessing the advent of cell phones, mp3 players, digital cameras, computers, laptops, internet, DVDs to name a few, I developed a strong liking for technology from my childhood. It was clear that Mathematics and Science were the subjects which fascinated me and my accomplishments in various quizzes and competitions in school fuelled my exploration of these subjects. It was in my eleventh standard when I got 12th rank in the Regional Mathematics Olympiad, conducted by NHBM, Govt. f India that I got exposed to elements of Discrete Mathematics, particularly Combinatory and Graph Theory, outside the regular school curriculum at an early stage. The intensive training programs we were put through for the Olympiads gave me a lot of confidence in dealing with abstract mathematical problems. I represented my region among around 200 students from all over India in the National Mathematics Olympiad. Next year my dedication towards my work got rewarded when I cleared the various prestigious national level examinations of India which made it further clear what I was meant to do in life. It began when I cleared the KVPY Examination, which is one of the highest valued and most competitive scholarship examinations conducted by Govt. of India and received a call letter from IISER Pune (Indian Institute of Science Education and Research) for admission to their BSc course with the KVPY Fellowship. Next I secured a rank of 290 in National Entrance Screening Test making me eligible for admissions to NISER (National Institute of Science Education and Research) whereby the selection rate is only 0. 325 %. But finally I choose to pursue Electrical Engineering from IIT Bhubaneswar after envisaging the broad range of research areas this field would provide me like control and automation, telecommunications, signal processing, analogue and digital electronics and Power systems. The undergraduate study at IIT Bhubaneswar has been a defining step in giving shape to my dreams. The cut throat competition among the best of students in India demanded sincere efforts and meticulous planning. I honed my analytical skills, technical prowess and aptitude for innovation. Moreover, I learnt the significance of proper planning and resilience to prevail over hard times, thus helping me mature as an individual. It was just a few months in my undergraduate studies, that I realized that the true charm of engineering existed in its application and to gain an insight into the wider domains of Electrical Engineering I pursued internships every year during the summer vacations. The excitement to explore new things and learn new concepts kept me busy during the off college hours. At the end of first year I choose to explore the area of embedded systems and took an internship in DOEACC, a Govt. of India Center, which not only offered me an insight to microcontrollers but made me realize the grandness of the field, motivating me to explore even more. I developed a snake game using 8051 series of controller as a small project in the internship. Returning back to college after the vacations my first task became to join the Robotics Society of the Institute and to share my experiences and to motivate juniors and fellow students to enjoy and discover the aspects this field had to offer. I became the core member of the Robotics Team and offered various seminars and made various robots including line follower, glider etc. as a part of the team. This fascination for robotics was widened in next semester when I learnt new topics in class and in topics like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Digital Signal Processing (DSP) I found my particular interest. Thereby I choose to do my second internship in IIT Delhi where I did work on Artificial Intelligence based Biometric Authentication. This period of 3 months led me to get insights into topics which I haven’t explored till then . Here I not only got the idea of various image processing techniques but also about various classifiers and soft computing techniques like Neural Networks and Evolutionary Algorithms which proved handy throughout my undergraduate studies. Here I coauthored my first research paper which was published in Springer LNCS as a part of proceedings of international conference SEMCCO11. Unable to resist my immaculate desire to learn even new things and filled with the inspiration to make something useful for the people I kept researching and this time speech processing caught my eye. I was selected for internship in Deutsche Telekom laboratories- TU Berlin (The RD Center of the largest telecommunications company in Europe). These 3 months of internship in a technologically advanced country gave me an international exposure. My continued interaction with scientists, professors and students from all around the world working in the lab filled me with extreme motivation and broadened my thinking. I worked on emotion recognition from speech and we extracted a new set of features which helped in improvement of accuracy and my paper got accepted in International conference ICECIT 2012, India and will be published by Elsevier. The interest in speech processing I developed in Berlin was to be further intensified as I choose to work on making a novel speaker and emotion recognition system in my final year B. Tech project under the supervision of an eminent professor in the field of Digital Signal Processing Prof. Ganapati Panda, Deputy Director and Head of school of Electrical Sciences, IIT Bhubaneswar. Realizing the fact that Indian languages have not been studied much with the aspects of emotional speech, my first task became to create an Indian language database for the study. I experimented and found out that the traditional speaker recognition system failed in an emotional environment and needed to be modified to take emotions into account and I am working on it. To supplement and strengthen my domain knowledge, I am taking up course on Biomedical Signal Processing in my final year at IIT. Looking back and introspecting I have figured out the true meaning of the quote late Mr. Steve Jobs said in his 2005 Stanford Commencement Speech: â€Å"You cant connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. Connecting the dots I have realized my true ambition to do research work oriented towards the areas of machine learning, signal processing and pattern recognition aiming towards development of something useful for the mankind and a Masters course in Electrical Engineering would provide me an excellent platform for achieving the same. From the development of Intelligent Robots with the ability to learn natural language, understand emotions, having an improved vision system to the use of signal processing in medical applications all these have considerably motivated me to choose my future in this field. With the Mars Rover Curiosity marking a technological triumph, imagining a world in future where robots would be assisting humans in their daily work, where technology would be providing the cure for the differently abled people, where there will be an ceaseless growth of automation and where human computer interaction will reach to newer domains has not just remained a dream. I believe that my ambitions, academic excellence, research work are all in unison with what UCSB MS program in Electrical Engineering expects. In the research activities going on in various labs and research groups like Advanced Graphics Lab, Vision Research Lab, System Bio Imaging Lab I have found a marvelous synchronization of my ongoing research work. The amazing research work by Prof. Pradeep Sen in the field of computer graphics such as development of augmented reality based systems, the work by Prof Manjunath on image processing, the work by Prof. L. Rabiner on speech processing and many other works going on in an interdisciplinary environment such as in IGERT program have not only motivated me to join UCSB Electrical Engineering Dept. ut has left a deep influence on my mind to be a part of the change towards a better future. The intellectually rich, vibrant and multi-cultural student community at UCSB will manifold my process of learning and exploring the unexplored. It is said – â€Å"Setting a goal is not the main thing. It is deciding how you will go about achieving it and staying with that plan†. Here I am standing at an important path of my career and connecting all the dots I am sure about my goal, my future and sure about the perfect master’s program which will help me achieve my dreams.

Quantitative Analysis of Workplace Bullying Data

Quantitative Analysis of Workplace Bullying Data Bullying behavior was typically experienced on the playground or within the school systems of school age children, but now this multi-causal phenomenon is being reported by adults in the workplace at an astronomical level. Exploratory research has insinuated that there is not just one clear definition of workplace bullying but a combination of definitions (Chipps et al., 2013: McTernan et al., 2013; Reknes et al., 2014). Workplace bullying transpires when an employee encounters a steadfast pattern of ill-treatment from others in the work environment that brings about harm (Chipps et al., 2013: McTernan et al., 2013; Reknes et al., 2014). This type of harassment can consist of such tactics as verbal, nonverbal, emotional, physical abuse and public disgrace (Chipps et al., 2013: McTernan et al., 2013; Reknes et al., 2014). This form of workplace hostility is, for the most part, difficult to validate because, unlike the classical forms of school bullying, workplace bullies often functio n within the traditional regulations and policies of their organization (Chipps et al., 2013: McTernan et al., 2013; Reknes et al., 2014). In examining three peer-reviewed articles (Chipps et al., 2013: McTernan et al., 2013; Reknes et al., 2014), the researchers used several different types of descriptive statistics to measure workplace bullying (Chipps et al., 2013: McTernan et al., 2013; Reknes et al., 2014). Therefore, it is important to describe descriptive statistics data and the different methods used that summarizes the sample and the measures (Chipps et al., 2013: McTernan et al., 2013; Reknes et al., 2014). In combination with charts and graphic analysis (Jackson, 2016), descriptive statistics (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015) formed the basis of virtually every quantitative analysis of data which were used by each researcher to describe workplace bullying (Chipps et al., 2013: McTernan et al., 2013; Reknes et al., 2014) as it affects ones physical health (de pression), on how role stressors can influence bullying behavior and the academic levels of the individuals being bullied (Chipps et al., 2013: McTernan et al., 2013; Reknes et al., 2014). First, is to define descriptive statistics (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). Descriptive statistics is the term given to the analysis of data that helps describe (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015), illustrate or summarize data in a study, for example, such as patterns of large numbers of data (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). Descriptive statistics (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015) do not, however, allow one to make conclusions beyond the data that is analyzed or reach conclusions regarding any hypotheses that might have made (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). They are simply a way to describe ones data (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). For example, Chipps et al., (2013) study illustrates the incidence of workplace bullying among preoperative RNs, surgical technologists, and unlicensed preoperative personnel in two academic medical centers (Chipps et al., 2013). The study sought to determine whether the demographic variables of gender, ethnicity, hospital location, years of experience on the unit, years in the profession, and job title predict the experience of workplace bullying (Chipps et al., 2013). In addition, to ascertain whether a relationship exists between workplace bullying and emotional exhaustion (Chipps et al., 2013); and whether bullying is associated with perceptions of patient safety in the operating room (Chipps et al., 2013). The cross-sectional analysis included one hundred and sixty-seven preoperative nurses, surgical technologists, and unlicensed preoperative personnel (Chipps et al., 2013). The IBM SPSS Statistics version 20 for Windows (IBM, New York, NY ) was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics was calculated for each hospital in two different demographic areas (Chipps et al., 2013). In Table (1), the participants in Hospital A had a response rate of forty percent, and Hospital B had a response rate of twenty-three percent. Table 1. Comparison of Demographic Variables Of the total study sample of professionals, forty-five percent of participants were registered nurses (SD=14.3), fifty-three percent were nonRN surgical technologists (SD=15.9) and two percent (SD=1.2) were another unlicensed personnel who reported to nursing services in Table 2 (Chipps et al., 2013). Table 2. Comparison of Job Title/Profession The sample size in Figure 1, the sample size was seventy-four percent predominately white, twenty percent black and sixty percent identified self in the other category (Chipps et al., 2013). The demographics differences were significant between Hospital A and Hospital B (Chipps et al., 2013). Figure1. Sample size In Table 2 illustrated a frequency of bullying acts in in order of frequency on at least a monthly basis (Chipps et al., 2013), for example, his or her opinions ignored at twenty-eight percent (Chipps et al., 2013); twenty-seven percent reported being shouted at by peers (Chipps et al., 2013).; twenty-six percent reported experiencing information purposely withheld which hindered his or her work performance (Chipps et al., 2013), twenty-five percent humiliated in front of others and twenty-five percent experiencing rumors or gossip spread about him or her (Chipps et al., 2013). Table 1. Frequency of Bullying Acts The next study examined several hypotheses as it relates to role stressors within an individuals work environment and modern day occurrences of self-reported workplace bullying. Reknes et al., (2014) research revealed that role stressors are associated with workplace bullying after conducting a study with twenty Norwegian businesses (Reknes et al., 2014). During 2004 to 2009, a longitudinal study was conducted in the private and public sectors to focus on the characteristics of the work environment (Reknes et al., 2014). It was to ascertain whether role stressors, at baseline, can foretell new incidents of workplace bullying in the near future (Reknes et al., 2014). A sum of two thousand, eight hundred and thirty-five Norwegian employees joined the baseline and follow-up, with an interim of two years within the measurements (Reknes et al., 2014). The average ages of the participants were forty-five years of age, and sixty-four percent were women (Reknes et al., 2014). A sum of one hundred and six participants reported to be bullied in Figure 1, whereas, two thousand and three hundred and eighty-five participated said to not being bullied (Reknes et al., 2014). Figure 1. Respondent to the 1st and the 2nd surveys (N=2,835) Even though drop out analyzes were conducted using independent sample t-test on role conflict (N=245) and role ambiguity (N=158 [(Reknes et al., 2014).], the survey revealed no significant differences in the scores for role conflict for those who only participated in completing the 1st survey (Reknes et al., 2014), compared to those who participated in both measurement points (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). However, those who participated in the 1st and the 2nd surveys (Reknes et al., 2014), illustrated a mean of 1.68 (Reknes et al., 2014) for role ambiguity and a mean of 2.47 (Reknes et al., 2014) for role conflict. Three hundred and forty-four (Reknes et al., 2014) self-reports of bullying behavior were missing from the baseline survey (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). In additions, Figure 2 illustrated the following distribution of the respondents in the 1st and 2nd surveys (N=2835 [(Reknes et al., 2014)], in a table format showing an age frequency distribution with five categories of age ranged defined (Reknes et al., 2014). Figure 2. A frequency distribution of Age in table format The respondents in the 1st and the 2nd survey regarding the baseline characteristics of the respondents (Reknes et al., 2014), illustrated that individuals within forty to forty-nine of age (33.5%) is more likely to complete the survey than respondents (Reknes et al., 2014), under the age of thirty (5.5%). Whereas, self-reported bullying (Reknes et al., 2014), illustrated that role conflict nearly duplicate the likelihood of becoming a new target of bullying at T2 (odd ratio of 1.92). Consequently, the results showed no significant difference in the scores for role conflict for those who only participated in the first measurement (Reknes et al., 2014), compared to those who participated at both measurement points (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). The research supported the data that role ambiguity and role conflict, individually, added to consequent different reports of workplace bullying. The statistical analysis was administered using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20 for Windows ( IBM, New York, NY ). Lastly, McTernan et. al., 2013, conducted a longitudinal survey design over a twelve months’ time frame. This investigation was to examine how job stressors and depression can influence productivity loss (McTernan et. al., 2013). First, to investigate this underlying assumption was to begin with data preparation on how to carry out data analysis (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). Data preparation involved acquiring or collecting the data (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015); reviewing the data for accuracy (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015); inserting the data into the computer; modifying the data, and generating and documenting a database structure that integrates the various measures (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). Secondly, is to utilize a codebook that represents each variable in the data and where and how it can be accessed (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). For example, indicating the variable descripti on, organizing the variable format (number and data), identifying the respondent or group, and identifying the variable location (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). Initially, the data was collected in 2009 and repeated in 2010 by an Australia workplace barometer (McTernan et. al., 2013). The data was gathered from two Australian states, Western Australia, and New South Wales (McTernan et. al., 2013). The sample size was increased, in order to weigh the gain in the control versus the time and cost of having more participants or gathering more data (Jackson, 2016; Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). In this review, twenty thousand Austrian homes (McTernan et. al., 2013) phone numbers were called, yet the final sample consisted of one thousand three hundred twenty-six participants from north of South Wales and one thousand four hundred and sixty-four from Western Australia (McTernan et. al., 2013). The experiment consisted of one thousand three hundred and ninety females age d between eighteen and seventy-seven and between eighteen and eighty-five; the total male participants were one thousand three hundred and ninety –six (McTernan et. al., 2013). Time 2 data was composed of participants from Time 1 who agreed to take a follow-up questionnaire at least one year later in 2010 (McTernan et. al., 2013). Of the primary participants at Time 1, there were two thousand and seventy-four (McTernan et. al., 2013) who participated in the survey, whereas, with Time 2 consisted of nine hundred and twenty-seven females between nineteen and seventy-eight and one thousand and one hundred and forty-seven males between nineteen and eighty-two (McTernan et. al., 2013). The measure utilized the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 depression measure for a nine-item scale based on several criteria’s of depressive disorders in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual DSM-IV (McTernan et. al., 2013). Table 1 depicts the individual yearly productively loss cost (McTernan et. al., 2013) estimations as it relates to depression (N=2074). The relationship was significant as it related to the unstandardized parameters (McTernan et. al., 2013) by comparing the annual sickness absence (hours) with productivity loss using descriptive statistics (McTernan et. al., 2013). The annual sickness absence illustrated 138.4 hours loss (SD=48.24) due to the severity level of the workers’ depression (McTernan et. al., 2013), as compared to, 28% productivity loss (SD=3.5). Table 2 illustrated the estimated odd ratios for job strain and workplace bullying on depression as well as the odd ratios and population attributable risk for job strain, bullying and job strain without bullying (McTernan et. al., 2013). The researchers used the population attributable risk as a method to estimate the proportion of a disease burden that could theoretically be eliminated by the removal of a causal factor (McTernan et. al., 2013). The findings confirmed that the underlying assumption of the link between job stressors and productively loss via depression (McTernan et. al., 2013). The prevalence of exposure to job strain was 22.5% (McTernan et. al., 2013) compared to bullying exposure 5.9% (McTernan et. al., 2013). The population attributable failed to yield any significant difference when job strain and bullying was used independently, yet, when combined, the results showed the annual depression cost which contributed to productivity loss (McTernan et. al., 2013). Table 2. Population Attributable Risk References Chipps, E., Stelmaschuk, S., Albert, N., Bernhard, L., Holloman, C. (2014). Workplace bullying in the OR: Results of a descriptive study, AORN Journal, 98(5):479-493. IBM Corp. Released 2011. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. New York, NY: IBM Corp. Jackson, S. (2015). Research methods and statistics: A critical thinking approach. (5th ed.) United States of American: Boston, MA. McTerman, W., Dollard, M., LaMontagne, A. (2013). Depression in the workplace: An economic cost analysis of depression-related productivity loss attributable to job strain and bullying, Work Stress, 27(4):321-338. Reknes, I., Einarsen, S., Knardahl, S., Lau, B. (2014). The prospective relationship between role stressors and new cases of self-reported workplace bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 55:45-52. Trochim, T., Donnelly, J., Arora, A. (2015). Research methods: The essential knowledge base. United States of America: Boston, MA.

Representation of Client in Contract Law Case

Representation of Client in Contract Law Case THE INTRODUCTION Abstract from the question given, on the purpose to advice on Arnold, it is vital and crucial to find out whether or not a contract has been formed between the parties involved so the locus standi[1] of Arnold can be tracked. Hence, with the establishment of locus standi, Arnold may then can take action on issues he has encountered to the parties. It is simply indicating that, there must be a mutual agreement which is legally enforceable between parties involved. In another word, there must be an existence of consensus ad idem.[2] Whereby Lord Wilberforce a say on this issue in The Eurymedon as below:- [3] English law, having committed itself to a rather technical and schematic doctrine of contract, in application takes a practical approach, often at the cost of forcing the facts to fit uneasily into the marked slots of offer, acceptance, and consideration In summary, In order to claim remedies, a valid contract shall consist of offer, acceptance, and consideration whereby this ensu res and that gives locus standi to the claimant to carry out contractual action towards the defendant. The issue in this question would be seeking for an evaluation on whether the statement made is a term or representation. If it is a term, it may lead to breach of contract ; whereas, if it is representation, it is imperative to seek for remedies available for the claimant. Establish the Contractual Relationship with the claimant Therefore, it can be denoted that the claimant, Arnold must have prove his contractual relationship with the first defendant, William to uphold his claim on his misfortune incident since he considers the deal given by William a bad one. It is then submitted that, William can be categorised as an offeree whereby his enquiries is just merely an invitation to treat since he is just plainly making a request due to his needs. An invitation to treat, as per Treitel : When parties negotiate with a view to making a contract, many preliminary communication may pass between them before a definite offer is made[4] Based on the fact given, Arnold is indeed on the look out for a house in the newly built Kenwood Park and sought for Williams consultation who is a house broker. As a result, it is submitted that Arnold is making an Invitation to treat in lieu of an offer like what has been illustrated in the case of Gibson [5]. Whereas, on another hand, in the light of Storer v Manchester,[6] in acc ordance to offer as defined by Professor Treitel, William has expressly show his willingness by giving Arnold particulars of that house. [7] On the surface, contractual relationship thereby established. Determining the statement made is a term or representation Thus, It would be imperative to then applying Fletche LJs guideline as laid down in Heilbut Symons v Buckleton to find out possible contractual action.[8] It was held that a vague statement would amount to representation instead of a term. Whereby in Dimmock v Hallet that described the land as fertile and improvable is constitute to a representation. [9] Likewise, in this scenario, statement made by William that a hypermarket will be opened in about 3 months is said to be a representation. In a nutshell, the core issue in this scenario would be whether William as an representor has misrepresented the facts to Arnold, the representee which by any chance may give rise to liabilities and Arnold shall be advised on the ground of the probabilities for being granted for possible remedies. The onus to prove the offeror has misrepresented the facts It is advised that, in order to determine whether one has been misrepresented to the claimant, there are elements to prove an actionable misrepresentation. The representation made by the representor must be unambiguous false statement of fact which is addressed to the party misled and which includes that party to enter into a contract.[10] This also signifying that, there must be a false statement of existing fact or law, and it is addressed to the party misled which has materially induces the party to embark into a legally binding agreement. As such, if the statement made is held to be a mere puff, a party will not be blamed under contractual liabilities. Notwithstanding with that, If all the elements have been satisfied, misrepresentation then has successfully raised at the first glance and remedies is likely to be granted. Elements to be proved on each statement made Essentially, in order for a misrepresentation to be stand in this circumstance, the statement made must not be an opinion or mere puff. The defendant will therefore argue the statement made is merely an opinion; hence, the claim towards him will not be succeeded as laid down in Bisset v Wikinson.[11] Nevertheless, contrary with the mentioned point, In Smith v Land Home Property Co. Ltd ,[12] It can be rebutted that the statement is however an existing fact as per Bowen LJ :[13] The one who knows the fact best involves very often a statement of a material fact It is nonetheless may be argued that, Arnold should have check the facts instead of relying on it; hence, it is not at fault of the defendant. On another hand, William as the house broker should have better knowledge than any ordinary person as he possesses a special skill as held in Esso Petroleum Co. Ltd v Mardon.[14] In addition, as Lord Evershead MR has uttered in Brown v Raphael[15] , where such a person were in a better position than the other party to check the facts to back up his opinion, but did not do so, such person will be liable for misrepresentation.[16] From the fact, William has described the Kenwood Park as Gated and Guarded and it was the most desirable property within the vicinity that turned out to be untrue. William as a house broker hold a better position than Arnold to ensure his opinion is true. Furthermore, he should have known the fact that Heavenly Homes is more popular since it is a well-known fact as compared to the Kenwood Park. Besides, it is of common knowledge that, guards must be employed by the residence but not the developers. William is therefore made a statement of fact and by possessing a special knowledge failed to check even he is in better position to do so. It can be said prima facie that he has misrepresented a statement of fact. In contrast, William may also raise an argument that, in general, a statement of a future intention will not constitute as a stateme nt of fact therefore it is of no effect for him to be liable under misrepresentation on the grounds of Lord Wilberforce in British Airways Board v Taylors.[17] It would not be just and fair as it is impossible for one to foresee the future and it is unpredictable and that binds the claimant. Indeed, William has mentioned that a hypermarket will be opened in about 3 months within Kenwood Park which amount to a statement as to the future. However, William cannot walk away based on that ground as Arnold may argue that a statement as to the future, can implicitly contain a statement of fact. In the light of Spice Girls Ltd v Aprilia World Service BV , It is illustrated that if the maker of the statement did not genuinely hold the intention or belief at the time of making it, he will misrepresenting the fact.[18] As grasped from the fact, it is opined that William did not hold the intention indisputably by the time making the statement but he was said it with full faith by stating a spec ific timeframe that a Hypermarket will be opened in 3 months within Kenwood Park,. Hence, it is argued that the statement given are not merely an intention since at the time of contract, he believes himself is making an existing fact which at a higher possibility that the hypermarket will be built and well-established within 3 months. As held in Edgington v Fitzmaurice, the statement made by William howsoever it may be controversial to be an intentional statement; it still amounts to a statement of fact.[19] Even so, William may still argue that, in his understanding, he does not know that the Kenwood Park will not be Gated and Guarded in which is a half true statement, therefore, it can be argued that part he has misstate was silent apart. Action shall not be taken towards him as he says nothing about that since it was held in Fletcher v Krell that silence or non-disclosure of fact does not give rise to liability.[20] Hence, William may not be liable under misrepresentation at this juncture. Notwithstanding with the above issue, Arnold can demolish that argument by claiming there is a set of exceptional rules whereby a half-true statement is deemed to be a misrepresentation as laid down in Nottingham Patent Brick Tile Co. v Butler.[21] Moreover, it is submitted that, there is a fiduciary relationship between both of them in which it is held that the party has the duty to disclose all the necessary fact to ensure a fair transaction under the light of Tate v Williamson.[22] By juxtaposing the law and the fact, it is a crucial factor for William to ensure all the necessary facts has been told since it might affect the transaction. As a result, silence in this scenario does give rise to liability at the first glance. In accordance to the ratio of With v O Flanagan, it can also be argued that, whenever there is any occurrence of changes in the circumstances, the party should have check so the existing fact would not be false and misled the party.[23] On the fact, the plan for the hypermarket has been scrapped by the developers to make way for a man-made lake. Based on that, William was in fact, did not check and inform any changes to Arnold before signing the agreement. Also, another vital issue would be to prove whether or not has the statement of fact made by the representor has materially induced the represetee enter into the contract. As per Jessel MR has expressed in Mathias v Yetts: [24] if a man has a material misstatement made to him which way, form its nature, induce him to enter into the contract, it is an inference that he is induced to enter into contract by it. You need not prove it affirmatively. On the fact, The inducement has shown when Arnold actually became interested and gave 10% of the price of the house to William as a down payment after he listened to Williams statements where he described the property is gated and guarded, there will be a hypermarket opening in within 3 months and illustrated it as the most desirable property in the vicinity that is not wholly true. Attwood v Small.[25] Apart from that, William may, at this stage, argue that the statement made must be done directly by the representor to the representee in which the house owner is John whereas he is just merely an innocent third party. Hence, action could not be taken towards William. However, on the grounds of Conlon v Simms whereby it says, the statement made can also be done through an authorised agent.[26] Based on this sense, William as a house broker has acted on behalf of John to deal with William and the statement made by him has indeed misled Arnold to embark into a bad deal. Nonetheless, According to Smith v Chadwick, it is submitted that if the representee knows it is a representation statement, then, it shall not be taken action on misrepresentation.[27] However, it is argued that Arnold does not aware of the statements since he intends to discontinue with the agreement. Afterhe knows the facts told is not true. Henc e, it is prima facie that , in the light of Horsfall v Thomas, the claimant, Arnold can now take action towards William under misrepresentation as all the elements has been satisfied.[28] The next caveat would be to determine which type of misrepresentation can the claimant claim under and the possibility of Arnold to rescind the contract. Type of Misrepresentation It may be submitted that Arnold can claim for his rescission subject to the bars to rescission as he wishes to discontinue with the purchase. It is advised that, Arnold may seek for remedies under Fraudulent Misrepresentation or Negligent Misrepresentation which both has got different components to be proved and the burden of proof lies on the representee. First and foremost, in order to claim under Fraudulent Misrepresentation which is governed under the tort of deceit, it must be proven that the statement made knowingly, without belief in its truth, reckless whether it will be true or false as stated under Derry v Peek.[29] However, in this case, Fraudulent may not be successfully stand as William do not make the statement knowingly as the actual fact is, the plan for the hypermarket has been changed unbeknown to all parties by the developer. Therefore, the claim would unlikely to be successful under Fraudulent Misrepresentation as the standard of proof is rather high. The alternat ive way would be Negligent Misrepresentation under Negligent Misstatement in common law on the grounds of Hedley Bryne v Heller.[30] In order to claim under this type of Misrepresentation, it is needed to prove the existence of special relationship. On the fact, there is special relationship between them are on a dealing of Business. In addition, as laid down in William v Natural Life Health Food, special relationship can be tracked since he possesses special knowledge which in fact he is a house broker.[31] On the fact, it can be argued that, though William maybe believes all the statement made by him to be true, he has the duty to check. On this stage, it may be said that Arnold is at the higher chance to get rescission. William may claim that, there is one possible bar to rescission available which is the lapse of time as described in Leaf v International Galleries On the fact, Arnold has decided to take contractual action only on a week before signing the agreement which the lapse of time argument would not render rescission ineffective. Thus, rescission is still available where he can recover his paid down payment as well if he successfully claims under Negligent Misrepresentation. On another hand, Arnold may also take action against John as he is the owner of the house and do not disclose the defects of the property. On the fact, there have been a few cracks appearing in some parts of the house. However, it is said the representation is made between William and Arnold as a lawful authorised agent. Therefore, misrepresentation could not occur in this scenario. In a nutshell, Arnold as a representee is now at a higher to claim for remedies which are rescission and damages as William has made a false statement of existing fact and that materially induced and misled to Arnold to embark into the contract on the purchase of the property.

Personality Disorders Essay -- Psychology, Mental Health, ASPD

There are personality disorders, and then there are extremely troubling personality disorders that haunt you if you have ever met someone who had one. Antisocial personality disorder would be the latter. Often called sociopaths or psychopaths, individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder exhibit a lack of conscience, and have a complete disregard for the safety of those around them and their self (American Psychological Association [APA], 2000). While half of the teenagers in America exhibit these traits, they are only one part of the criterion for the DSM-IV to diagnose someone with this personality disorder. As adults, individuals with ASPD are often unable to maintain a job or relationships with others as they are irresponsible and they manipulate constantly (APA, 2000). The person also will not plan ahead as they are extremely impulsive, and very aggressive. They do not think of others in the least and can be extremely dangerous. They often fail to conform to social norms and mores. These sociopaths are extremely dangerous because these traits, coupled with a relatively high I.Q., are a deadly combination, if not fueled into the right direction. In order to be diagnosed with ASPD, one has to be age 18, and has to have shown signs of Conduct Disorder, a disorder in which the patient shows early onset ASPD and has chronic aggression since they were at least 15 (APA, 2000). J. Reid Meloy, PhD (2007) those with ASPD have a very limited emotional range. They lack the capacity to feel normal emotions and thus they must fake it. In cases of severe psychopathy, it will be incredibly obvious that the patient has no idea how to experience a mutual, shared emotion (Meloy 2007). Therapy is often thought to not be an option as treat... ...d not character driven, as is the rest of Hollywood. Funnily enough, psychiatrists who often work with patients who are psychopathic are often troubled. They have reported feeling â€Å"the hairs stand up on the back of my neck†, this is known as countertransference. It is a real phenomenon that occurs when there is very real danger nearby. Attempted treatments include benzodiazepines, lithium, fluoxetine, and phenytoin. These medications are often used to treat the aggressive part of the patients’ personality. Those with ASPD are dangerous, whether they are only mildly psychopathic or they are severely psychopathic. Being able to charm and disarm others is their specialty, and special precautions should be taken to protect those that are around those with ASPD. Even though there might be some countertransference, not everyone listens to their visceral aesthetic.

Demonic Possession :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Demonic Possession Belief in the possibility of demonic possession has waned since the advent of sophisticated medical knowledge. What had previously been considered to be examples of control of an individual by a spirit or devil are now commonly accepted as numerous forms of mental illness, easily explained by nervous system activity. If all types of behavior (including emotional states and cognitive states) are produced and mediated solely by the brain, there leaves no potential for such a phenomenon as demonic possession to exist and such cases would clearly be instances of various illnesses. However, neuroscience has not yet been able to explain all of the characteristics common to purported cases of demonic possession ((1). A possessed individual is typically characterized by having strange physical ailments or disfigurements; verbal outbursts, mostly obscene or sacrilegious in nature; violent behavior and vulgar behavior; bodily spasms and contortions; ability to speak languages never before studied; self-mutilation; "superhuman" abilities such as psychic abilities, abnormal strength, or an ability to perform behaviors out of the realm of human possibility such as levitation; cessation of normal bodily functions for periods of time, including breathing and heart beat; and a pronounced revulsion to symbols, places, people, objects, and ceremonies having any religious context. Other phenomena associated with the presence of a demon include an acrid stench; marked decrease in the temperature of the room which a possessed individual occupies; writing appearing out of nowhere; sounds and voices arising from nowhere; and objects moving on their own and destruction of objects in the room, without anyone havin g laid a hand upon them ((2), (3). Despite the striking quality of this description, the expansion of the fields of medicine and psychology has led to diagnoses other than demonic possession for individuals who present circumstances similar to those mentioned above. These sorts of cases are now readily explained in terms of abnormal functioning in the brain and nervous system. There are various disorders which may mimic demonic possession; these include schizophrenia (and other periods of psychosis), dissociative identity disorder, and Tourette syndrome ((4). Schizophrenia is characterized by the presence of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, affective flattening or inappropriate emotional responses, avolition, and alogia. General psychotic episodes, such as might accompany mood disorders, can also closely simulate a state of demonic possession by hallucinations or delusions. The delusions can be ones of thought insertion, thought broadcasting, delusions of guilt, delusions of grandeur, such as being God (or a demon), or delusions that God (or a demon) is speaking to the person and giving commands for a special mission (5).

Discuss the Aphorism “Small Firm Growth Being the Only Measure of an Entrepreneur’s Success”.

INTRODUCTION Business growth is a good goal for most firms in general and is given great weight by the society. This could be seen with the list conjured up by the media, such as ‘Forbes Fast-Growing Companies’ and ‘Inc Fastest Growing Companies’ lists (Hupato 2011). The reason small firm growth has been prioritised by policy makers and the society is mainly due to its contribution to the economy (Bridge, O’Neill & Martin 2009). Small firm and entrepreneurship have so often been linked together, and it has become common to acknowledge that all small firms are established by entrepreneurs.Hence, the terms such as growth, success and performance are often linked in the research of entrepreneurial success (Reijonen & Komppula 2007). However, if entrepreneurship is defined as creation of new economic activity, the aspect of firm growth is already defined the moment the entrepreneur introduced new products or services (Davidsson, Achtenhagen & Naldi 2010). In other words, growth is not an aspect of entrepreneurship if growth is measured solely on volume expansion of existing products or through acquisitions of existing business.Schumpeter has also mentioned that one can be entrepreneurial without being self-employed and vice versa (Utsch, Rauch, Rothfufs & Frese 1999). Entrepreneurship remains an enigma till date and the assumption that all small firms are creations of an entrepreneur is arguable. Davidsson, Achtenhagen & Naldi (2010) has described, even a superficial reading on the complexity of small firm growth literature could easily leave the reader confused. Thus, the aphorism of small firm growth being the only measure of an entrepreneur’s success should be looked upon from different perspectives.The dimensions of small firm growth and also the perspectives of entrepreneurial success will be analysed to see the degree of its correlation and to judge how true the mentioned aphorism is. What is small firm growth? Generall y, growth of a business occurs in phases in a small business life cycle. A business venture would normally encounter three-stage development process, namely the ‘seed’ stage, the ‘start-up’ stage and the ‘expansion’ stage (Mukherjee 1992).The ‘seed’ stage brings a well-conceived idea into existence, while the ‘start-up’ stage included employment and accumulating business capital, and the ‘expansion’ stage involves manufacturing or service capacity increment (Mukherjee 1992). On the other hand, Bridge, O’Neill & Martin (2009) has suggested five stages of small firm growth, namely ‘existence’, ‘survival’, ‘success’, ‘take-off’ and ‘maturity’. Helms & Renfrow (1994) has supported the concept of the five stages of various developmental growth stages when they conducted a research in United States.Bridge, O’Neill & Martin (2009) defi ned the five stages as the following: the ‘existence’ stage is similar to the ‘seed’ stage explained previously, while the ‘survival’ stage involves customer familiarisation with the firm’s product or service. The ‘success’ stage is when there are options for further growth, thus the ‘take-off’ stage where the owner opted to grow the business larger. The business will reach the ‘maturity’ stage when it displays the characteristics of a large company.However, the mentioned researchers have concluded that it is difficult to clearly define the business development stages clearly during throughout the business cycle (Bridge, O’Neill & Martin 2009). Despite the challenging task to categorise growth, researchers would still generally use the small business growth as indicator of success since it is common parlance to suggest that success requires growth, to stand still is to die (Geneste & Weber 20 11). There are enormous literatures on theories of growth and are most commonly associated with generation of jobs.In the early years, entrepreneurship has been the main focus due to its significant employment opportunities that was created. This reason remained strong today thus gaining the attention from policy-makers in each country. In fact, the number of employees a firm has become an important factor for classifying a small firm (Helms & Renfrow 1994). Research shows that young high-growth firms (also commonly known as ‘gazelles’) generate a large share of all new net jobs (Roper 2012).Robbins, Pantuosco, Parker & Fuller (2000) has also confirmed in their research that a state with large quantity of small business has lower rates of unemployment compared to other states that has little quantity of small businesses. The reason employment rates are valuable in measuring growth is because each firm will grow until they reach the optimal size that corresponds to minim um average cost (Hart 2000). Thus, each firm will continue to employ during its growth stage until it reaches the efficient scale or natural decay.However, other research has proved that it is difficult to measure small firm performance by employee growth. This is due to moderating variables such as outsourcing activities, productivity changes and replacement of employees with capital investments (Fitzsimmons, Steffens & Douglas 2005). When business grow in this the rapid changing modem world, many production and service functions has been contracted out (Bridge, O’Neill & Martin 2009). In other words, a business can grow without having any increase in employment rate.Several academicians argued that sales precede other yardsticks for business growth, as pointed out that it is the increase in sales that necessitates the increase in the number of employees hired (Davidsson, Achtenhagen & Naldi 2010). Sales revenue performance is used as small firm’s growth because it mi rrors the consumer’s demand for the product or services provided by the firm (Fitzsimmons, Steffens & Douglas 2005). In this world of constant returns, the consumer’s demand for the product or services determines the limit on the firm’s growth.Sales figures easily reflect both short-term and long-term changes in the firm, hence measuring the growth and performance. However, there are two reasons that deviate sales as business growth yardstick. Firstly, the typical downward sloping demand curve is not applicable in practice. Just as a habitual entrepreneur starts more than one business, a firm can also have product differentiation (Hart 2000). Hence, it is difficult to determine the demand and cost curves in imperfect competition market condition.Secondly, sales are not an accountable measure during first few stages of the business cycle. During the seed and the start-up stage, employment and assets may grow more extensively before any significant sale has been d one (Fitzsimmons, Steffens & Douglas 2005). In this context, assets are in the form tangible ‘fixed’ assets and intangible assets such as of entrepreneur’s knowledge asset, the reputation of the firm (Bridge, O’Neill & Martin 2009) and quantity of registered patents. Hence, business growth could not be measured by sales alone.Looking from another dimension, a firm’s profitability could be suggested as an important measure of growth for the simple reason that a firm is unable to sustain without profits. The difference between maximised sales and maximised profit is that the marginal revenue is zero when sales are maximised but the marginal revenue is positive when profits are maximised (Hart 2000). A firm’s growth on profitability can be considered in term of the net profit margins, return on assets (Fitzsimmons, Steffens & Douglas 2005) or return on equity (Durguner & Katchova 2009).High profit margins, return on assets and return on equity p rovide more confidence for shareholders and potential investors to invest in the firm, enhancing business growth. However, growth rates are highly volatile over duration of time and research has shown that there is no evidence of a relationship between growth and profitability (Fitzsimmons, Steffens & Douglas 2005). In accordance, many articles have reached a conclusion that financial measures alone are not sufficient as business growth and performance measure for small firms (Reijonen & Komppula 2007).This is due to the fact that, just as entrepreneurship, small business sector is hardly homogeneous, and not all of these businesses are operating in the same direction. Some research has even shown that not all small firms are even capable or willing to grow (Papadanki & Chami 2002). What is entrepreneurial success? The capability and willingness to grow of small firms are directly influenced by the business owners’ intention to grow and their self-perception of success.In oth er words, the growth of small business is not a self-evident phenomenon, but it is actually driven by the business owner’s motivations and intentions (Morrison, Breen & Ali 2003). Most business decisions are made by owners, and their own personal judgement will impact on the business growth orientation (Geneste & Weber 2011). Consequently, it can be considered that the role of the entrepreneur should be emphasized as the dominant factor of growth (Reijonen & Komppula 2007). An entrepreneur’s motivation for business growth has to be complemented by his or her willingness to grow and assume risks.The risks involved are such as willingness to delegate control functions to others and the uncertainty to produce more output. The researchers found that due to the risks, small business owners are reluctant to grow and perceives profit-maximisation as only one of the motives for business growth (Papadanki & Chami 2002). This argument draws down to the psychological theories of motivation. The McClelland’s theory of needs defined ‘need for achievement’ as â€Å"the drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of standards, and to strive to succeed† (Robbins, Judge, Millet & Boyle 2011).Hence, characteristics of the business owners are linked to the business growth aspirations. In other words, each entrepreneur has their own perception of success depending on their own standard for ‘need for achievement’. To understand the business growth aspirations deeper, the owner’s clusters of traits and behaviours which affect the way they engage in their business activities are examined. The characteristic of the firm owner can be divided into three broad categories, namely ‘life-style’, ‘comfort-zone’ and ‘growth’ (Bridge, O’Neill & Martin 2009).The ‘life-style’ owners are defined to be those who establish the business to provide them a level of income and ha ve no intention for business growth. Geneste & Weber (2011) has identified owners that are not keen to expand their business due to deliberate ‘life-style’ choice, such as the small business atmosphere that engenders comradeship and job satisfaction. The ‘comfort-zone’ owners establish the business and focus on the benefits it can provide for the comfort he or she wants in life and the business growth will be stagnant once the desired comfort level has been achieved.The ‘growth’ owners are the almost ideal business person who maximises the earning potential and continue to grow the business further for the future. Clearly again, the intrinsic motivation of the owner should be examined further in order to understand what entrepreneurial success is. There are many studies that have been conducted to explore an entrepreneur’s intrinsic motivation for his or her business. One piece of research conducted was to compare the start-up motivation s and growth intentions between African-Americans (titled as ‘black’ by the researchers) and Americans (titled as ‘white’ by the researchers).Edelmen, Brush, Manolova & Greene (2010) has conducted a research to investigate new venture among black and white nascent entrepreneurs. In their research, they have discovered three important findings related to business growth. Firstly, nascent entrepreneurs do not associate business establishment outcomes with business growth intention. Secondly, entrepreneurs are motivated to start ventures to fulfil a need for self-realisation. Lastly, it is found that whites are more strongly motivated by the desire for financial success while blacks had higher levels of personal self-confidence.Hypothetically, the findings of this research suggested that blacks inherited the ‘life-style’ motivations while the whites are ‘comfort-zone’ motivated. This research has proved that expected financial outcome s are not as important as noneconomic concern in determining the entrepreneur’s attitude towards growth. The entrepreneurial success is not related to the growth of the firm but for intrinsic satisfaction instead; hence small firm growth should not be the only measure for the entrepreneur’s success.In another piece of research, (Utsch, Rauch, Rothfufs & Frese 1999) has investigated the rapid emergence of entrepreneurs and small firms in East Germany. During the research, the role of personality traits has been clarified and the researchers found an encouraging convergence result in two areas, namely the need for achievement and need for autonomy. In other words, entrepreneurs with high need for autonomy will be more motivated to begin small-scale business ventures and will develop the business further only if they have high need for achievement as well.In parallel to that, Lee & Tai (2010) has conducted a research to investigate the motivators and success of small busi ness in Kazakhstan. Empirical evidence has suggested the entrepreneurs are motivated to achieve financial independence and also to obtain social recognition. This is due to the fact that entrepreneurial endeavours are considered as honourable and also an upgrade on social-status activities. This theory is shows that entrepreneurs in Kazakhstan are more aligned towards the ‘comfort-zone’ characteristics.The mentioned researchers have also concluded that the success of some small firm growth is contributed by the creativity and commitment of all the entrepreneurs. From these two pieces of research, it is further confirmed that entrepreneurs have their own perceptions of success but each individual has different intrinsic motivation to achieve his or her goal, albeit from different geographic locations. Another aspect to consider on perception of entrepreneurial success should be the gender of the owner. Research shows that there are differences across entrepreneur’ s gender on perceptions of success.Male and females entrepreneurs differ in the way they measure their extrinsic and intrinsic dimensions. Previous study has verified that male entrepreneurs tend to emphasize on quantitative measures and economic values while female entrepreneurs emphasize on qualitative measures and social values (Justo, Cruz, de Castro & Coduras 2006). Hypothetically, male entrepreneurs describe success in term of achieving goals while female entrepreneurs define success in terms of doing something fulfilling. The research has also iscovered that the motivation for business success is moderated by the parental status of the entrepreneur. Female entrepreneurs are more motivated venturing into self-employment if they have dependent children under their care and perceived success when they are able to fulfil the need of independence. This hypothesis has been confirmed by Ahmad (2011) when he conducted a research on female entrepreneurs in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In this piece of research, female entrepreneurship has proved to be influenced by the female entrepreneur wanting to spend more quality family time.For these female entrepreneurs, the perception of success was when the desire for autonomy, independence, self-fulfilment and wealth has been achieved. In short, the gender status of the entrepreneur significantly impact on the perceptions of entrepreneurial success where female entrepreneurs depict more on social values as success. Conclusion In conclusion, the dimensions of small firm growth and the perspectives of entrepreneurial success have been discussed to judge how true the aphorism of entrepreneurial success can only be judged by small firm growth.The different stages of business cycle have been identified and the growth of the business occurs in almost all the phases in the five stages of small firm growth in their own way. Growth is included in many aspects, such as growth of the idea, or the growing numbers of customers, or gene rating more returns from the business. Generally, the measurement of growth is mainly based on quantitative values such as employment rate, business sales and profitability among other yardsticks. However, research shows that small firm growth could not be measured on financial and economical terms only.The rate of employment becomes insignificant as the business can grow without hiring any new employees, while sales do not account for the first couple stages of the business cycle and there might be owners who deviate from the main product or service line. Research has also shown that there are no relationship between profitability and growth. Therefore, the entrepreneur’s perception of success should be moderated to measure small firm success. Three types of small firm owner’s characteristics has been identified, namely the ‘life-style’, ‘comfort-zone’ and ‘growth’.From the few pieces of research that has been examined, most of t he entrepreneurs are found to be ‘life-style’ and ‘comfort-zone’ and rarely the ideal ‘growth’ motivated characteristics. The gender of the entrepreneur will also affect the measuring manner of small firm growth success. Each attribute shows the willingness and capability of each owner to further grow their business. Hence, the entrepreneur’s intrinsic motivation plays a vital role in judging and predicting the small firm success.In this context, the intrinsic motivations are such as the need for achievement, autonomy and self-realisation are more important than business growth intentions. In a nutshell, it can be concluded that small firm growth can be a way to measure entrepreneurial success, but it should be based on the standard or level that the entrepreneur has placed emphasis on instead of strictly on monetary values only. REFERENCES Ahmad, SZ 2011, ‘Evidence of the characteristics of women entrepreneurs in the Kingdom of Sa udi Arabia’, International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 123-143.Bridge, S, O’Neill, K & Martin, F 2009, Understanding enterprise: entrepreneurship and small business, 3rd edn, Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire. Davidsson, P, Achtenhagen, L & Naldi, L 2005, ‘Research on small firm growth: a review’, 35th EISB Conference, Barcelona. Durguner, S & Katchova, AL 2009, ‘Measure of small business financial performance from a lender and a borrower perspective’, The Business Review, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 24. 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